Units1-2重点词语辨析
2008-08-26杨开成
杨开成
1. contain, include, conclude
contain意为“含有,包含,容纳,里面装有”,指某物容纳在比其更大的东西之内,侧重所含的量与成分。include意为“包括,在……之内,计入”,指包括或容纳某东西成为整体的一部分,侧重于对比整体与部分。include常以including和included的形式出现在短语中。conclude vt.断定,决定,得出结论;缔结,议定,结束; vi.完结,结束。如:
The basket contains a variety of fruits. 这篮子装有各种水果。
The hall can contain two hundred people. 这礼堂能容纳200人。
Sea water contains salt. 海水里含有盐。
Youll find the plan includes most of your suggestions.
你会发现这计划包括你的大部分建议。
There are ten of us here, including four children.
我们这里一共有十个人,包括四个孩子。
Everybody has something to say, me included.
所有的人,包括我,都有些话要说。
After waiting an hour they concluded that she wasnt coming.
等了一小时之后,他们断定她不会来了。
conclude a treaty缔结条约
He concluded by thanking everyone. 他讲话结束时向大家致谢。
2. be familiar with, be familiar to
be familiar with意为“对……熟悉”,主语为表示人的名词或代词,with的宾语可以是人或物的名词或代词; be familiar to意为“为……所熟知”,主语为物,to的宾语为人。如:
Im familiar with his face. 我熟悉他的面孔。
These are the poems that every student is familiar with.
这些是每个学生所熟悉的诗歌。
His face is familiar to me. 他的面孔为我所熟悉。
The Bible is the book that is familiar to every Englishman.
《圣经》是每个英国人所熟悉的一本书。
3. hire, rent, employ, appoint, engage
hire为日常用语,指按工作量或时间雇用人或租借东西,是短期行为。employ则指商店或公司长期雇用人手。rent一般指租借房屋,把地产租借出去。appoint为“任命”。engage指经签约、聘用专业人员从事服务性工作。如:
Shes hiring a private detective to trace her ex-husband.
她雇用一名私家侦探跟踪她的前夫。
Well employ three new secretaries next Monday.
我们下星期一要雇用三名新秘书。
The house rents for 1,800 dollars a year.
这房子每年以1800美元出租。
They appointed him as the headteacher. 他们任命他为班主任。
Mr Green engaged my sister as his secretary.
格林先生聘用我姐姐为他的秘书。
4. apply for, apply to, apply oneself to
apply for意思是“(正式以书面形式)提出请求,申请”,向某人提出申请用apply to sb. for sth.;apply to意为“适用于”;apply oneself to意为“致力于,专心于”。如:
I made up my mind to apply for a scholarship. 我决定申请奖学金。
If you want to go abroad, the first thing you should do is to apply to your government for a passport. 如果你要出国的话,要做的第一件事就是向政府申请护照。
We applied to the authorities for assistance. 我们向当局请求帮助。
This rule applies to freshmen only.
这条规则只适用于大学一年级学生。
Students should apply themselves to their study.
学生们应该专心致志地学习。
5. skim, scan
这两个动词都有“浏览,略读”的意思,但含义有所不同。skim指的是以掌握大意为目的的快速“略读”或“粗略地看一看”。它可以用作及物或不及物动词,用作不及物动词时,后接through/over sth.。scan的意思是通过“快速地看一看”来找出特定的信息资料,而不是了解全书或全文的大意。scan只能用作及物动词,其后直接跟宾语。如:
When he is having breakfast he has the habit of skimming over a newspaper. 吃早餐的时候,他有浏览报纸的习惯。
The magazine is worth skimming through. 这本杂志值得浏览一下。
Mr Green often scans the TV Guide over breakfast.
格林先生常常一边吃早餐一边翻阅电视节目单。
6. beard, moustache
beard指下巴上的胡须或络腮胡子;moustache指上唇上面的胡子,俗称小胡子。如:
He grew a beard while he was on holiday. 度假时他留着胡子。
The man wears a years growth of beard.
这个人的胡须一年没有剃了。
He grew a short moustache to make him look older.
他留着小胡子,看起来年龄显得大一些。
The young man wears a moustache. 这个年轻人留着小胡子。
7. ever since, ever before
ever since意为“从那时起一直到现在”,其中since是副词。ever since也可跟名词或从句,解作“从……时起一直到现在”,通常与持续性动词的完成时态连用。ever before的意思是“比以往任何时候”,其中before是副词,ever before常出现在than后面,其中ever用以加强before的语气,有时before可以省略。如:
He has been looking for a job ever since.
从那时起直到现在他一直在找工作。
His sister has kept up her study of English ever since she began to work. 他姐姐自从参加工作以来,一直坚持学习英语。
Today, new foods are traveling faster than ever before.
今天各种新食物的转运比以前任何时候都要快。
Its raining harder than ever (before). 雨比以前下得都大。
8. stand out, stand by, stand for, stand up for, stand up to
stand out意为“(显得)突出,鲜明”;stand by意为“支持;袖手旁观”;stand for意为“代表,表示,象征”;stand up for意为“替……说话,支持,维护”;stand up to意为“经受住,顶住”。如:
He was very tall and stood out from the crowd.
他个子很高,在人群中显得很突出。
Her talents stand out in comparison with the others.
和其他那些人比起来,她的才能很突出。
We firmly stand by you. 我们坚决支持你们。
You cannot stand by and allow such a thing.
你不能袖手旁观,听任发生这样的事。
The letters PLA stand for the Peoples Liberation Army.
PLA这几个字母代表中国人民解放军。
P.O. stands for postal order. P.O.表示邮政汇票。
When the boss wanted to dismiss him, the other workers all stood up for him. 当老板要开除他时,别的工人都替他说话。
Were determined to stand up for our rights.
我们决心起来维护我们的权利。
He stood up to all the tests. 他经受了种种考验。
9. result, effect, influence
result作“结果,影响”讲,指某一行为、计划或事件带来的直接的后果等;effect作“结果、影响”讲,指某一行动、计划或事件带来的间接的后果或某一物产生的效应;influence作“影响”解,指对周围一切产生的影响,或指有影响、有势力的人或有影响的物。如:
His limp is the result of a fall. 他的跛腿是摔跤摔的。
One of the effects of bad weather is a poor crop.
坏天气的后果之一是庄稼欠收。
Will you use your influence to get me a job?
你愿意运用你的影响替我找一份工作吗?
10. different, various
different意为“不同的,有差异的”,普通用词,后接单复数名词均可,可作定语或表语。“与……不同”应说be different from。various意为“不同的、各种各样的”,通常作定语修饰复数名词,指同一类中的不同种类,有时可与different通用。如:
To her surprise, she found herself in a different world.
她很惊讶地发现自己来到了一个不同的世界。
There are three different answers. 有三种不同的答案。
My plan is different from yours. 我的计划和你的不同。
There are various/different kinds of pens in the shop.
商店里有各种各样的钢笔。
I did that for various reasons. 由于种种原因我才这样干的。
11. evaluate, estimate, value
这三个词都有“估计,估价”的意思。evaluate很少用来表示“估计”或“估价”某物的市场价值,而是用来表示“评价”。estimate表示的“估价”只是猜测,甚至只是一种想法。value意思是“估计某物的价格,价值”。如:
Its hard to evaluate her as a singer. 要把她当歌手来评价很难。
She evaluates people by their clothes. 她根据衣着来评价人。
I estimate the damage at 8,000 yuan. 我估计那项损失达8000元。
His fortune is estimated in seven figures.
估计他的财产达七位数字。
I value the instrument at 5,000 yuan.
我估计这台仪器价值5000元。
He valued the house for me at £20,000.
那栋房子他替我估了20,000英镑。
12. accurate, correct, exact
accurate的意思是“准确的,精确的”,它不仅表示没有错误,而且表示细心谨慎地做到符合标准、事实,与事实无出入。correct的意思是“正确的”,指按照一定的标准或规则没有错误。在这三个词中,它的语义最弱。exact的意思是“精确的,确切的”,强调完全符合标准、符合事实或真相,丝毫没有差错。在这三个词中,它的语义最强。如:
His information was fairly accurate. 他的信息相当准确。
He is accurate in his observation. 他观察正确。
I think the answer is correct. 我认为这个答案是正确的。
It was difficult to tell his exact age. 很难说出他的确切年龄。
Give me his exact words. 把他的话一字不差地告诉我。
13. accomplish, finish, achieve, complete
accomplish指“成功地完成预期的目标、任务”等,通常接task, aim, journey, voyage等名词,有时有“达成(效果)”之意。finish多指“日常事务的完成”,强调事情了结终止。achieve多指“排除困难完成宏伟计划或大业”。complete表示“对于一项指派的任务,如建筑、工程、著作等,采取积极的态度去完成”,强调事物完整的完成或终结。如:
The explorer accomplished the voyage in three weeks.
探险家在三周内完成了这次航行。
Scientists have accomplished great advances in exploring outer space. 科学家在探险外层空间方面取得了巨大进展。
The ground-work will soon be completed/finished.
基础工程不久就要完成了。
I finished reading the book. 我已经读完了那本书。
All these cannot be achieved without hard work.
不经过努力这一切都不能取得。
I need one more stamp before my collection is completed.
我所集的邮票还差一张才成整套。
14. worth, worthy, worthwhile
worth可用作名词或形容词。作名词时,意为“价值”,无复数形式;也可解作“值一定金额的数量”。worth用作形容词时,只能作表语,不能作定语,其后常跟表示钱数或相当于钱的词,表示“值多少钱”;其后也可跟动词-ing形式,worth doing sth.表示“……值得做”,主动表达被动的含义。worthy为形容词,意为“值得”,主要用作表语,后跟介词of再接名词或动词-ing的被动形式。worthy后也可跟不定式,如要表示被动意义,则需要接不定式的被动形式。worthwhile是形容词,意为“花时间去做它是值得的”。书写时,也可将worthwhile分开写成worth while。合起来写时,既可作定语也可作表语,而分开写时,while前可加物主代词或the,只能作表语,一般用在句型“It is worthwhile (worth while)…”中,其后跟动词-ing形式或不定式均可。如:
Nobody knew the true worth of his work.
没有人知道他的工作的真实价值。
Give me five yuans worth of apples. 给我五元钱的苹果。
The dictionary is worth 20 yuan. 这本辞典值20元。
The TV play is well worth watching. 这部电视剧很值得一看。
She is worthy of help. 她值得帮助。
The question is worthy of being discussed.
=The question is worthy to be discussed. 这问题值得讨论。
This is a worthwhile job. 这是一项值得做的工作。
It is worth while to try/trying this experiment. 做这个实验值得。
It is worth their while to read the book. 他们值得读这本书。
15. offer, propose, suggest
这组词都含有“提议,提出”的意思。offer指积极主动地提出一些建议和办法,其目的是帮助他人或对某事物有所帮助;propose是书面语,比offer更正式、庄重,多指所提出的建议一经接受,便要贯彻执行;suggest是普通用语,也可用于正式场合,不强调所提建议是否被采纳。如:
The driver offered to drive us to the station.
那位司机主动提出送我们去车站。
He offered a toast to the Chinese people. 他建议为中国人民干杯。
The teacher offered a few ideas to improve the plan.
老师提出了几点改进计划的意见。
We propose an early holiday in the spring.
我们建议在春天提前放假。
I propose resting for half an hour. 我建议休息半小时。
The teachers proposed that they should all go to the Museum of Natural History. 教师们建议他们都去参观自然博物馆。
The following points are suggested for consideration.
下列各点提出供参考。
She suggested staying there another day. 她建议在那里再停留一天。
The doctor suggested that he should go for a holiday.
医生建议他去度假休息。
It is suggested that we should modify our working plan.
有人建议我们修改我们的计划。
16. refer to, refer…to
refer to的基本意思是“谈及,提到;查阅;参考”。refer…to的基本意思是“把……提交给……;把……归功于;让……处理;让……找(查)”,其中refer是及物动词,可用于被动语态中。如:
He referred to his experiences during the Long March.
他谈到他在长征中的经历。
He referred to the map. 他参阅了地图。
She suggests my referring to a dictionary. 她建议我查词典。
They suggested referring the question to the coming March conference. 他们建议把这个问题提交给即将召开的三月会议讨论。
They referred their success to the correct leadship of the Party.
他们把这个成就的取得归功于党的正确领导。
The teacher referred him to the dictionary. 老师叫他去查词典。
17. raise, rise, arise
raise意为“使……上升,升起,提高”等,为及物动词。rise作“上升,升起”这一意思时是不及物动词,另外还有“站起,起床”的意思。arise为不及物动词,意为“出现,发生”,也有“站起,起床”的意思。如:
She raised her voice in anger. 由于愤怒她提高了嗓门。
The wind raised the fallen leaves from the ground.
风把落叶从地上刮得飘了起来。
Her voice rose higher and higher with excitement.
由于激动,她的声音越来越大。
The child rose (arose) from the ground and ran to his mother.
那小孩从地上爬起来,朝他妈妈跑去。
Difficulties will arise as we do the work.
当我们做这件事的时候,还会出现各种困难。