庖丁解“构”巧解“完形”

李　民

首先，从命题设置的立意来讲，高考完形填空是从语篇层次来考查考生综合运用英语能力的一种题型；其次，随着近几年考查题目语境化因素的增加，对语段结构的把握和层次意义的理解已成为高考完形填空测试的主旋律。因此，把握好整个文章的篇章结构和上下文语境的逻辑关系，既是完成大纲规定的“理解文段的基本逻辑结构”这一语用技能的必然要求，更是提高解答完形填空试题的效率和正确率的有效途径。笔者现以2007年山东省高考英语完形填空试题为例加以分析和说明。

Life is filled with challenges. As we get older we__36__realize that those challenges are the very things that__37__us and make us who we are. It is the same with the challenges that come with__38__.

When we are faced with a challenge, we usually have two__39__. We can try to beat it off, or we can decide that the thing__40__the challenge isnt worth the__41__and call it quits. Although there are certainly__42__when calling it quits is the right thing to do, in most__43__all that is needed is__44__and communication.

When we are committed to something, it means that no matter how__45__or how uncomfortable something is, we will always choose to__46__it and work it through instead of running away from it. Communication is making a__47__for discussion and talking about how you feel as opposed to just saying what the other person did wrong.__48__you can say to a friend, “I got my feelings hurt,”__49__“You hurt my feelings,” you are able to solve the problem much faster.

In dealing with the many challenges that friendship will bring to you, try to see them for__50__they are: small hurdles you need to jump or__51__on your way through life. Nothing is so big that it is__52__to get over, and hurt only__53__to make us stronger. It is all part of growing up, it__54__to everyone, and some day you will__55__all of this and say, “Hard as it was, it made me who I am today. And that is a good thing.”

36. A. seem toB. come to

C. hope toD. try to

37. A. designB. promote

C. directD. shape

38. A. confidenceB. pressure

C. friendshipD. difficulty

39. A. opportunitiesB. expectations

C. choicesD. aspects

40. A. demandingB. deserving

C. predictingD. presenting

41. A. commentB. loss

C. troubleD. expense

42. A. spansB. times

C. datesD. ages

43. A. casesB. fields

C. partsD. occasions

44. A. assessmentB. commitment

C. encouragementD. adjustment

45. A. doubtfulB. shameful

C. harmfulD. painful

46. A. keepB. control

C. faceD. catch

47. A. spaceB. plan

C. topicD. room

48. A. IfB. As

C. WhileD. Unless

49. A. other thanB. rather than

C. or ratherD. or else

50. A. whatB. who

C. whereD. which

51. A. pass byB. come across

C. get throughD. run over

52. A. unnecessaryB. necessary

C. impossibleD. possible

53. A. servesB. means

C. aimsD. attempts

54. A. opensB. appeals

C. goesD. happens

55. A. look down onB. look back on

C. look forward toD. look up to

Keys: 36～40 BDCCD41～45 CBABD

46～50 CAABA51～55 CCADB

一、承接关系：即语意间的前后照应与关联。

1. 第36题：与时间状语as we get older相承接，填入come to (realize)，取“逐步，逐渐”之意；

2. 第38题：本题所在句子为整个下文的起始句，与下文所述内容，尤其是最后一段第一句“In dealing with the many challenges that friendship will bring to you, ...”相照应，可选出正确答案friendship，表明人们之间的友谊也会面临挑战。

3. 第42题：从其后的关系副词when引导的定语从句看，其前应填入时间概念的times(时间，时段)作为其先行词；

4. 第44题：下一段一开始便出现了“When we are committed to something”及对其含义解释，可知应填入commit的名词形式commitment (答应负责)；

5. 第55题：与some day (将来某一天)相承接，可确定正确答案为look back on (回顾，回想)。

二、并列关系：上下文中常用and或or等关联词体现出来。

1. 第37题：与and后的“make us who we are”相并列，填入shape (us)，意为“把我们塑造成为现在这个样子”；

2. 第41题：and后的“call it quits”意为“各退一步，停止争论”，表明“the challenge isnt worth the trouble”(这种挑战不值得费心劳神)；

3. 第45题：or后的uncomfortable表明此处应填入与此意义最接近的感觉形容词painful；

4. 第51题：or前后的语意为：“你要设法弄明白，这些小障碍是你需要跳过(jump)的，还是需要终生经历（get through）的”；

5. 第53题：and前句子“Nothing is so big that it is impossible to get over”，表明“没有任何事情严重到不能被克服的程度”，自然后面说成“hurt only serves to make us stronger”（伤害只会使我们更坚强）。

三、总分关系：行文时，先用总括句概括说明，然后再加以例释或阐述。

1. 第39题：其后语句“We can try ... call it quits.”具体说明了“面对挑战，我们通常有两种选择（choices）”，前后为总分关系；

2. 第43～44题：本句与下一段呈现总分式语段关系，下文具体解释了commitment和communication的含义及作用。

四、转折对比关系：以转折、对照、反衬方式衔接上下文，前后常有but, yet, while, though， instead (of), on the contrary, at the same time等连接性词语。

1. 第43题：although引导让步状语从句时，存在转折对比关系，把“大多数场合（most cases）”与其它一些“时候（times）”相对比；

2. 第46题：由instead of之后的running away from it (逃避)可知前面应为转折意义的内容face it (勇敢面对它)；

3. 第47题：通过as opposed to (与……相对，与……成对比)形成的前后对比关系表明了作者的观点：我们不应只说别人做错的事，而应通过交流留出商讨的余地（space）；

4. 第49题：填入rather than使前后形成取舍对比关系，表明比起后者“You hurt my feelings”，作者赞成前面的表述方式“I got my feelings hurt”。

五、解说关系：后句是对前句所描述的事物或观点进行例证或具体说明。

1. 第48题：后文是对前文观点的例证性说明，应填入表“假如”意义的关联词if或when；

2. 第50题：句中的冒号体现了前后内容的解说关系，因此这里的宾语从句应填入连接词what，意为“你要设法弄明白这些到底是什么样的挑战”。

六、因果关系：常由because (of), so, therefore, as a result等连接语衔接。

1. 第52题：这里是由so ... that连接的因果关系句，填入impossible，意为“没有什么事情如此严重以致于不能被我们克服”。

诚然，上下文语意关系的划分不是绝对的，比如说解说关系往往呈现为总分关系，并列、因果等关系也是广泛意义上的承接关系；再者，语句之间的关系不是截然分开的，在语言实践中，往往更多的是几种语句关系的错综使用，比如第46题的face (it)，既通过and与work it through构成并列关系，又通过instead of与running away from it构成转折关系。但不管怎样，只要我们循着这一思路加强训练，成为善于破解语段结构，理清语句关系之“庖丁”，做好完形填空题应当不会是可望而不可及的。